Geological carbon sequestration involves the separation and capture of carbon dioxide (CO₂) at the point of emissions followed by storage in deep underground geologic formations. This is also referred to as carbon (or CO₂) capture and storage (CCS).

On this page, you will learn about the two ways to sequester CO₂ in geological media: (1)

• Physical
• Chemical

You will also learn about

• suitable geological formations
• concerns about geological sequestration

Click a link in the lists above to jump to that topic on this page.

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Physical

Physical mechanisms usually involve trapping CO₂ within a cavity in the rock underground. These cavities are either large man-made cavities, such as caverns and mines or the pore space present within rock formations such as the structural traps in depleted oil and gas reservoirs and in aquifers.

Enhanced oil recovery

CO₂ injection into oil and gas reservoirs is sometimes used to help push out the product and extend the amount of oil and gas that can be recovered from the site. This is called enhanced oil recovery. The United States is the world leader in enhanced oil recovery technology, using about 32 million tons of CO₂ per year for this purpose. (2) In this way, there is an economic benefit to CO₂ capture and storage for the oil and gas industry.

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Chemical

Chemical mechanisms of trapping CO₂ involve transforming the CO₂ or binding it chemically to another substance in the ground. This can be done in the following ways:

• dissolving CO₂ in underground water or reservoir oil
• decomposing CO₂ into its ionic components
• locking CO₂ into a stable mineral precipitate
• adsorption trapping

The fundamental mechanisms for CO₂ storage in underground geological media basically translate into the following trapping means:

• CO₂ is dissolved into fluids, such as formation water and reservoir oil, that saturate the pore space within rock formations
• Gaseous CO2 is adsorbed onto a coal matrix underground because CO₂ has a higher affinity to coal than does the methane that is usually found in coal beds

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Suitable geological formations

Figure 1: Potential US & Canadian CO2 storage locations

The following geological formations are considered suitable for CO₂ storage:

• mature oil and natural gas reservoirs
• oil- and gas-rich organic shale
• uneconomic coalbeds
• deep aquifers saturated with brackish water or brine (saline)
• salt caverns
• basalt formations

Figure 1 shows potential US and Canadian CO₂ storage locations (Image from NETL: NETCAERB)

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Concerns about geological sequestration

Much of the current work on geological sequestration involves capturing the CO₂ from large emitters such as the oil sands and coal-burning electrical plants and injecting the CO₂ underground. However, these producers are usually a long distance from suitable geological formations required for potential sequestration sites. So, the CO₂ often needs to be piped or trucked from the source to the injection site. This takes a lot of energy which usually involves production of more CO₂.

Many consider geological carbon sequestration to still be experimental and controversial. There are some key unanswered questions:

• How long will the sequestered CO₂ remain captured?
• Are there other consequences or risks that need to be considered?
• Will this prevent us from reducing our consumption of fossil fuels (esp. coal)?

It takes a lot of energy and resources to build and operate sequestration facilities. Is this type of CO₂ sequestration cost effective? Wouldn’t we be better to eliminate CO₂ production in the first place?